Galapagos Species Database
The Galapagos Species Database shares the information about the species from our Natural History Collections.
Avicennia germinans
mangle negro, mangle prieto, black mangrove, black wood
A majestic tree with a dark trunk and dark green shiny leaves. The waxy flowers are cream in colour.
Common in mangrove ecosystems and swamps. Leaves turn plum color with full sun. (Wiggins and Porter 1971).
Domain
Eukaryota
Kingdom
Plantae
Phylum
Magnoliophyta
Class
Magnoliopsida (= Dicotyledoneae)
Order
Lamiales
Family
Acanthaceae
Genus
Avicennia
Species
germinans
Taxon category: Accepted
Syn.: Hilairanthus germinans (L.) Cornejo, Avicennia nitida Jacq., A. tomentosa Jacq. fide Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew & Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). In Robinson (1902) and Stewart (1911) as Avicennia officinalis.
Taxon origin: Native
Map of specimen collection localities or observation records for this species in our collections database.
Distribution: Tropical distribution. The native range of this species is SE. U.S.A. to S. America, and W. Tropical Africa to Angola (POWO, 2023).
- Wiggins, I.L. Porter, D.M. (1971) Flora of the Galapagos Islands Standford University Press, Stanford.
- Adsersen, H. (s.a.) Field notes, 1974 and 1977 collections Charles darwin Research Station, unpublished Manuscript.
- Schofield, E.K. (1984) Plants of the Galapagos Islands. Field Guide and Travel Journal. Universe Books, New York, 159 pp.
- Nowak, J.B. (1987) Final report on studies in burnt area, Sierra Negra, Isabela Island, Galapagos Islands Ecuador. Charles Darwin Research Station, unpublished.
- Abbott, I. Abbott, L.K. (1973) New distribution records of 65 plant species within the Galapagos Archipelago. Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS), unpublished.
- Lundh, J.P. (1995) Some additional information and comments on the Annotated Check list of Vascular Plants of the Galapagos Islands by Lawesson, Adsersen and Bentley. Charles Darwin Research Station, unpublished.
- Jaramillo, P. (1998) Distribución Espacial de la Vegetación Vascular y Dispersión de Especies Introducidas dentro del Parque Nacional Galápagos. Tesis de Doctorado en Biología, Universidad Central del Ecuador. Especialización ECOLOGIA DE POBLACIONES.
- Hooker, J.D. (1847) An Enumeration of the Plants of the Galapagos Archipelago; with descriptions of those which are new. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 20: 163-233.
- Tropicos.org. (2017) Database of Missouri Botanical Garden. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. 06 Oct 2017 <http://www.tropicos.org
- Atkinson, R. Guézou, A. & Jaramillo, P. (2009) Siémbrame en tu jardín - Plantas nativas para jardines en Galápagos. Fundación Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador, 151 pp.
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Missouri Botanical Garden (eds.) (2013) The Plant List, Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ (accessed 1st January).
- Andersson, N.J. (1855) Om Galápagos Öarnes Vegetation. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien Handl., Stockholm: 61-256.
- Robinson, B.L. (1902) Flora of the Galapagos Islands. Papers from the Hopkins-Stanford Expedition to the Galapgaos Islands. Proc. Amer. Acad. 38(4): 78-270.
- Stewart, A. (1911) A botanical survey of the Galápagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Series, 1: 7-288.
- Christophersen, E. (1932) A Collection of Plants from the Galápagos Islands. Nyt Mag. Naturvidenskaberne 70: 67-95.
- Schönitzer, K. (1975) Galápagos Plants. Privately Published, Quito: 1-43.
- Schofield, E.K. (1971) Field Guide to Some Common Galápagos Plants. Lindblad Travel, Inc., NY: 1-42.
- Hooker, J.D. (1847) On the Vegetation of the Galápagos Islands as Compared with that of some other Tropical Islands Of the Continet of America. Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 235-262.
- Moldenke, H.N. (1968) Additional Notes on the Genus Avicennia. IV. Phytologia 15: 470-477.
- McMullen, C.K. (1987) Biologia reproductiva de las Angiospermas de las Islas Galapágos. Pg. 39 - 52. Memorias: Taller sobre investigación Botànica y manejo en galapágos.
- IUCN (2017) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2016-3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 03 February 2017.
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2022) Plants of the world online POWO (2022): Plants of the world online. Published on the Internet; Https://powo.science.kew.org/
- Manzitto-Tripp, E. Darbyshire, I., Daniel, T., Kiel, C. & McDade, L. (2022) Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys TAXON, 71(1), 103-153.