Galapagos Species Database

The Galapagos Species Database shares the information about the species from our Natural History Collections.

Spheniscus mendiculus Sundevall, 1871

Pingüino de Galápagos, Galapagos Penguin

Photo: CDF Archive.
Photo: CDF Archive.

Taxonomy

Domain
Eukaryota

Kingdom
Animalia

Phylum
Chordata

Class
Aves

Order
Sphenisciformes

Family
Spheniscidae

Genus
Spheniscus

Species
mendiculus

Taxon category: Accepted

Taxon origin: Endemic

Status

Endangered

Ecology

Feeding type: Piscivorous

Trophic role: Carnivorous

Distribution

Distribution: Breeding on Fernandina, Isabela, Floreana, Santiago (Lougie), Bartolomé, Sombrero Chino. Sometimes, individuals are seen on Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Baltra, Dhapne and Genovesa in 2014.

References

  • Wiedenfeld, D.A. (2006) Aves, the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Check List 2006 2(2): 1-27.
  • Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. Milstead, B., Márquez, C., Zabala, J., Buitrón, P., Llerena, A., et al. (2007) Galapagos vertebrates: endangered status and conservation actions. Galapagos Report 2006–2007. Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, p. 104–110.
  • Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. Wiedenfeld, D.A. (2002) Marine birds. Reserva marina de Galápagos. Línea base de la biodiversidad. Danulat, E. & G.J. Edgar (eds.). Fundación Charles Darwin/Servicio Parque Nacional Galápagos, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador. p. 343–372.
  • Granizo, T. Pacheco, C., Rivadeneira, M. B., Guerrero M. & Suárez, L. (eds.) (2002) Libro Rojo de las Aves del Ecuador. SIMBIOE/Conservation International/EcoCiencia/Ministerio del Ambiente/IUCN. Serie Libros Rojos del Ecuador, tomo 2. Quito, Ecuador.
  • Carrillo, E. Aldás, S., Altamirano, M.A., Ayala-Varela, F., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., Endara, A., Márquez, C., Morales, M., Nogales-Sornosa, F., Salvador, P., Torres, M.L., Valencia, J., Villamarín-Jurado, F., Yánez-Muñoz, M.H. & Zárate, P. (2005) Lista Roja de los Reptiles del Ecuador. Fundación Novum Milenium, UICN-Sur, UICN-Comité Ecuatoriano, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Serie Proyecto PEEPE. Quito, 46 pp.
  • Swash, A. Still, R. (2000) Birds, mammals, and reptiles of the Galapagos Islands, an identification guide. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, 168 pp.
  • Harris, M.P. (1973) The Galápagos avifauna. Condor 75(3): 265-278.
  • Salvin, O. (1876) On the avifauna of the Galápagos Archipelago. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 9: 447-510.
  • Vargas, F.H. (2006) The ecology of small populations of birds in changing climate. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxoford.
  • Castro, I. Phillips, A. (1996) A Guide to the Birds of the Galapagos Islands. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd., London.
  • Vargas, H. Snell, H. L. Snell, G. Miller, R. Miller & Serrano, H. (1997) First report of penguins nesting on Isla Floreana. Noticias de Galápagos 58: 30-32.
  • Levin, I.I. Outlaw, D.C., Hernán Vargas, F., & Parker, P.G. (2009) Plasmodium blood parasite found in endangered Galapagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus). Biological Conservation 142(12): 3191-3195.
  • Deem, S.L. Merkel, J., Ballweber, J., Vargas, F.H., Cruz, M.B., & Parker, P.G. (2010) Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in Galapagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and flightless cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi) in the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46: 1005-1011.
  • Swarth, H.S. (1931) The Avifauna of the Galapagos Islands. Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci. 18: 1-299.
  • Travis, E.K. Hernan Vargas, F., Merkel, J., Gottdenker, N., Miller, R.E., & Parker, P.G. (2006) Hematology, serum chemistry, and serology of Galapagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42(3): 625-632.
  • Merkel, J. Jones, H.I., Whiteman, N.K., Gottdenker, N., Vargas, H., Travis, E.K., Miller, R.E., & Parker, P.G. (2007) Microfilariae in Galápagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and flightless cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi): genetics, morphology, and prevalence. Journal of Parasitology, 93(3): 495–503.
  • Siers, S. Merkel, J., Bataille, A., Vargas, F.H. & Parker, P.G. (2010) Eccological correlates of microfilariae prevalence in endangered Galápagos birds. Journal of Parasitology, 96(2): 259-272.
  • Parker, P.G. Whiteman, N.K., & Miller, R.E. (2006) Conservation medicine on the Galápagos Islands: partnerships among behavioral, population, and veterinarian scientists. The Auk 123(3): 625-638.
  • Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. Veran, S., Devineau, O., Naranjo, S., Steinfurth, A. & Vargas, F.H. (2010) Is climate change affecting the Galápagos penguin? 7th International Penguin Conference. Boston, USA
  • Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. (2010) Monitoreo del pingüino de Galápagos y cormorán no volador 2010. Informe tecnico para la Fundación Charles Darwin y Parque Nacional Galápagos. Puerto Ayora, Ecuador, 18 pp.
  • Wiedenfeld, D.A. Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. (2008) Critical problems for bird conservation in the Galapagos Island. Cotinga 29: 22-27.
  • Valle, C.A. (1986) Status of the Galápagos Penguin and Flightless Cormorant Populations in 1985. Noticias Galápagos 43: 16–17.
  • Valle, C.A. Coulter, M.C. (1987) Present status of the Flightless Cormorant, Galápagos Penguin and greater Flamingo populations in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, after the 1982–1983 El Niño. Condor 89(2): 276–281.
  • Nims, B.D. Vargas, F.H., Merkel, J. & Parker, P.G. (2008) Low genetic diversity and lack of population structure in the endangered Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus). Conserv Genet 9: 1413–1420.
  • Kikkawa, E.F. Tsuda, T.T., Sumiyama, D., Naruse, T.K., Fukuda, M., Kurita, M., Wilson, R.P., LeMaho, Y., Miller, G.D., Tsuda, M., Murata, K., Kulski, J.K. & Inoko, H. (2009) Trans-species polymorphism of the Mhc class II DRB-like gene in banded penguins (genus Spheniscus). Immunogenetics (2009) 61: 341–352.
  • Ksepka, D.T. Bertelli, S. & Giannini, N.P. (2006) The phylogeny of the living and fossil Sphenisciformes (penguins). Cladistics 22: 412–441.
  • Hickin, N. (1979) Animal life of the Galapagos. Ferundune Books, Faringdon, U.K., 236 pp.
  • Lanteri, A.A. (2001) Biogeografía de las Islas Galápagos: Principales aportes de los estudios filogenéticos. Introducción a la Biogeografia en Latinoamérica: Conceptos, teorías, métodos y aplicacions. Vol. I, Ciencias, UNAM, México Pp. 141-151.
  • Trillmich, F. (1992) Conservation problems on Galápagos: the showcase of evolution in danger. Naturwissenschaften 79: 1-6.
  • Loope, L.L. Hamann, O. & Stone, C.P. (1987) Comparative conservation biology of oceanic archipelagoes Hawaii and the Galápagos. BioScience 38(4): 272-282.
  • Romero, C. (2014) Penguin personal Observation in Genovesa pers. com.
  • Carrera-Játiva Rodríguez-Hidalgo, R., Sevilla, C., & G. Jiménez-Uzcátegui. (2014) Gastrointestinal parasites in the Galápagos Penguin Spheniscus mendiculus and the Flightless Cormorant Phalacrocorax harrisi in the Galápagos Islands. Marine Ornithology 42: 77-80.
  • IUCN (2015) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015-4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 20 November 2015.
  • Freile, J.F. Santander, T., Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G., Carrasco, L., Cisneros-Heredia, D., Guevara, E., Sánchez-Nivicela, M., Tinoco, B. (2019) Lista Roja de las aves del Ecuador Quito, Ecuador. 97 pp.
  • Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. Boersma, D., Vargas, H.F. (2018) Pingüino de Galápagos En: FCD & WWF. Atlas de Galápagos: Especies claves: endémicas e introducidas. Puerto Ayora, Ecuador. pp 118-119.
  • Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. Vargas, F.H. (2019) Maximum observed ages of Galapagos penguins. Marine Ornithology 47: 243-246.
  • Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. Wiedenfeld, D., Valle, C.A., Vargas, F.H., Piedrahita, P., Muñoz, L.J., Alava, J.J.. (2019) Threats and vision for the conservation of Galápagos birds. The Open Ornithology Journal 12: 1-15.
  • Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. Vaca, L., Cotín, J., García, C., Costales, A., Sevilla, C., Páez-Rosas, D. (2019) Using referential values of δ13C and δ15N to infer the foraging ecology of Galapagos seabirds. Marine Ornithology 47: 5-10.
  • Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G. Vinueza, R.L., Urbina, A.S., Egas, D.A., García, C., Cotín, J., Sevilla, C.. (2017) Lead and cadmium levels in Galapagos penguin, Spheniscus mendiculus, Flightless Cormorant Phalacrocorax harrisi and Waved Albatross Phoebastria irrorata. Marine Ornithology 45: 159-163.
  • Jiménez, E.S. Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G., Egas, D.A., Solís, N., Carrera-Játiva, P., Vinueza, R.L., Cotín, J., Nieto, A., García, C., Sevilla, C., Rueda,D. (2020) Trace metals (Hg, Pb and Cd) in feathers of four Galapagos waterbird species. Marine Ornithology 48: 85-89.
  • Crawford, R. ., Ellenberg, U., Frere, E., Hagen, C., Baird, K., Brewin, P., Crofts, S., Glass, J., Mattern, T., Pompert, J., Ross, K., Kemper, J., Ludynia, K., Sherley, R., Steinfurth, A., Suazo, C., Yorio, P., Tamini, L., Mangel, J., Bugoni, L., Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G., Simeone, A., Luna-Jorquera, G., Gandini, P., Woehler, E., Pütz, K., Dann, P., Chiaradia, A., Small, C. (2017) Tangled and drowned: A global review of penguin bycatch in fisheries. Endangered Species Research. 34: 373-396. doi.org/10.3354/esr00869.