Our knowledge in regards to the size of the population, health and reproductive success of landbirds in Galapagos remains incomplete.

In recent years, populations of various species such as the vermillion flycatcher, green warbler-finch, the small, medium and large tree finches and the woodpecker finch have declined and some have even become extinct. The reasons for these declines are not fully understood.

The most imminent threat for landbirds in the Galapagos is the presence of the invasive fly and nest parasite, Philornis downsi. The investigators and collaborators of the Charles Darwin Foundation are currently working on strategies for the timely detection of population declines and the evaluation of the status of landbirds in the archipelago.

The introduced parasitic fly, Philornis downsi, is considered the major cause of the decline in land bird species on the Galapagos Islands.

The Philornis downsi fly lays its eggs in birds nests. The parasitic larva then feeds on the blood of the hatchlings, causing up to 100% mortality rate in the nest.

At least 16 to 20 species of songbirds that can only be found on the Galápagos are now threatened by the Philornis downsi, including the emblematic Darwin finches. In the case of the Mangrove finch, only 80 individuals are left in the wild.

The goal of the fisheries program at the Foundation is to provide the best information for the management of fisheries to our partners in conservation, the Galapagos National Park.

To that end, we established the first otolith aging lab in the Galapagos, and are using this information to define important parameters in the life history of several commercially-important fisheries species, such as brujo (Pontinus clemensi), bacalao (Mycteroperca olfax) and camotillo (Paralabrax albomaculatus).

We are also assessing the effectiveness of fish-aggregating devices, large buoys that attract pelagic fish, with a view to improving the overall sustainability of Galapagos fisheries.

Other areas we are investigating include the importance of mangrove areas for fish-rearing, the impacts of El Niño on artisanal fisheries and the benefits of no-take zones for spiny lobsters.

Galápagos Verde 2050 is a multi-institutional and interdisciplinary project with the objective of restoring degraded ecosystems and implementing agricultural practices to ensure a more sustainable archipelago. Currently, more than 7,700 plants from 72 different species have been planted in 72 study sites in Galápagos by the project team, thanks to the water saving technologies (Groasis and biodegradable Cocoon) and water harvesting.

The project began in January 2014 and is carried out in three phases: the first between 2014 and 2017 on Santa Cruz, Baltra and Plaza Sur; the second between 2017 and 2027 on Española and Isabela; and the third between 2027 and 2050 on all the islands that require intervention. In October 2017 the first phase was completed, which focused on the ecological restoration of urban, rural and natural ecosystems within the Galapagos National Park.

Marine invasive species can threaten biological diversity, human health and/or economic activity.

Globally, marine invasions have increased due to commerce, shipping and tourism. Invasions occur when species are transported from one region to another and become established in the new environment. These undesired guests compete for space and can displace and harm the populations of native species.

The Galapagos Islands are under threat from possible marine invasive species, given the connectivity that exists with the Eastern Tropical Pacific, the increase in tourism and associated marine traffic and the effect of extreme climatic events such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The CDF scientists, together with our collaborators, are developing risk assessments along with protocols for the prevention, early detection and management of marine invasive species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve.

With the help of high resolution drone and satellite images, we created maps of the distribution and density of several invasive plant species in the humid zone of the different islands in the archipelago. This information is important to be able to plan control actions of those species that negatively affect the native species. In addition, it also helps to identify high priority conservation areas for the protection of endangered plant and animal species.

The most invasive plant species in the humid zone of the Galapagos islands are blackberry (Rubus niveus), guava (Psidium guajava), Cuban cedar (Cedrela odorata), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and quinine (Cinchona pubescens). The distributions of these species were determined using satellite images by ground-truthing colour profiles, using drone images of areas with known vegetation types. The resulting maps for the Galapagos National Park area allow us to estimate the cover of these species with an accuracy of 80-90%.

The giant tortoise movements in Galapagos have a fundamental role in mantaining a healthy population. Understanding the ecological implications of these movements allows us to reduce the potential and real threats to their conservation.

The Galapagos Tortoise Movement Ecology Programme (GTMEP) is a collaborative effort between the Galapagos National Park Directorate (GNPD), Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF), Saint Louis Zoo, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Galapagos Conservation Trust (GCT) and Houston Zoo.

The Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), flightless cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi) and Galapagos waved albatross (Phoebastria irrorata) are endemic to the Galapagos archipelago and Ecuador.

They can now be found on the IUCN Red List of endangered species, in the ‘In Danger’ category. The population status of these island species is being monitored on a yearly basis with our partners at the GNPD.

With an estimated 100 million sharks captured annually worldwide, many populations are declining and in danger of extinction.

The Galapagos Marine Reserve is one of the last refuges of sharks in the world, and the home of species such as the whale shark, common hammerhead shark, tiger shark and Galapagos shark. However, the growth of the resident population and the tourism industries along with fisheries has significantly increased the pressure on marine resources.

Scientific expeditions and monitoring programs are being undertaken in a wide variety of marine ecosystems, from seamounts to mangrove bays, with the goal of increasing scientific knowledge about habitats critical to shark survival, such as nursery, feeding and migratory patterns. The CDF wants to understand these behaviors in order to conserve their populations.

The Mangrove Finch (Camarynchus heliobates) is one of the 14 species of the Darwin finches that the only lives on the Galapagos Islands. It is the most rare bird on the archipelago, with an estimated 80 individuals that live on two 30 hectare sites on the island of Isabela.

The IUCN Red List of Endangered Species classifies the Mangrove Finch as in Critical Danger.

The main known threats are the introduced parasitic fly, Philornis downsi, and the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus).

The Eastern Pacific green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) is a species with worldwide distribution. In the Galapagos Islands, it is the most common species of marine turtle, and the only one that breeds in the archipelago.

An increasing human population and more tourism in the islands has led to more ship traffic. One of the unfortunate side effects of this increase in boat transit has been a rise in the number of vessel strikes on sea turtles.

Together with Queen’s University Belfast and Galapagos National Park Directorate (GNPD), CDF is working to analyze shipping routes, socioeconomic impacts and key sea turtle habitat to identify socially-acceptable solutions to this issue.

The incidence of collisions between birds and cars in the road between Puerto Ayora and Canal de Itabaca, seems rather high. The assessment of the frequency on which these events happen, would enable to illustrate areas with higher incidence, and some mechanisms to mitigate this problem.

This project aims to offer evidence on what, where, when, these events occur, and to suggest alternatives to diminish it.

Fowler’s Snouted Treefrog (Scinax quinquefasciatus) is a relatively recent invader of the Galapagos Islands, having been introduced from mainland Ecuador most likely during the wet El Niño season of 1997/98.

Little is known about the biology and ecology of this frog in Galapagos. To close this knowledge gap and to gain information for potential management, CDF initiated a study of the diet, distribution, habitat use and potential dispersal of this species.

The CDF is undertaking this project in partnership with the Galapagos National Park Directorate and the Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral (ESPOL).

The vegetation coverage of the native forests in Los Gemelos zone, has suffered signficant reduction in the last years. The Gemelos is an area of two volcanic craters located in the highlands of Santa Cruz Island. This project aims to better understand the mechanisms to improve the restoration capacity of these zones by analizing the factors that compromise this capacity.

Native species in Galapagos have been seriously affected by the changes in the uses of the land in the past, and most recently by invasive species. The Scalesia habitat has been drastically reduced in Santa Cruz which was dominated by Scalesia pendunculata that now it is estimated to cover less than 1% of its original distribution. The best example remains in this area of Los Gemelos, an area of 100 hectares and which is the focus of all the restoration efforts of the Galapagos National Park Directorate (DPNG).

Seamounts are underwater mountains that rise above the surrounding seabed but do not break the surface. These underwater structures provide deep-sea hard substrate, allowing productive formation of deep-sea coral and sponge reef communities. Additionally, seamounts are considered highly productive, redirecting deep-sea currents rich in nutrients that attract a myriad of other marine organisms, such as fish and marine mammals.

Over 300 seamounts are estimated to exist within the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR), yet very little is known about these ecosystems. The CDF, in collaboration with the Galapagos National Park Directorate, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Ocean Exploration Trust, National Geographic and other institutions, is leading the first comprehensive research project to study seamount ecosystems in the GMR. This project aims to establish the first biodiversity baseline of these ecosystems and study their socio-economic value.

Following the exploration and sampling of various seamounts onboard visiting research vessels with state-of the-art deep-sea submarines and remotely operated vehicles, over 100 organisms have been identified, of which 50 are new records in the GMR and 30 are species potentially new to science.

The Ecological Monitoring Program was developed to provide the Galapagos National Park Directorate (GNPD) with a complete description of this community and to provide information on the dynamics and magnitude of the fluctuations of this biota through space and time, while incorporating natural and anthropogenic effects such as climate change.

The long-term scale of the Subtidal Ecological Monitoring program in Galapagos, has enabled the recognition of patterns and processes that are of fundamental importance in the coastal-marine ecosystems.

By looking at the subtidal ecological condition would illustrate the current threats and risks to which these ecosystems are most exposed to, and the mechanisms to mitigate/minimize them.