There are 28 small endemic landbirds in the Galapagos Islands, including the iconic Darwin finches (17 species) and charismatic mockingbirds (4 species). In spite of extensive studies on the evolution of Darwin’s finches and other birds, surprisingly little is known about how many birds are found on each island and whether populations are healthy.

Recent studies indicate that some bird populations are undergoing severe declines, in particular on the inhabited islands. Studies are underway to understand what is the cause of this decline. The reasons are multiple and include nestling mortality caused by the invasive parasitic fly Philornis downsi (the most serious threat), reduced food availability caused by habitat degradation, predation by invasive species (e.g. rats and cats and the Smooth-billed Ani), and introduced diseases.

To reverse these declines as quickly as possible, the Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF) and the Galapagos National Park Directorate (GNPD) formed the Landbird Conservation Program in 2014. This program counts on the help of Galapagos residents, visitors, and researchers from around the world and is investigating multiple options simultaneously for the protection of these iconic bird species.

The yellow paper wasp (Polistes versicolor) was first recorded in Galapagos on Floreana Island in 1988, probably entering by cargo ship. Currently, it is one of the most invasive insects in Galapagos. It is a voracious predator of larvae and adults of other insects and competes for this resource with endemic and native insectivorous vertebrates of the islands. It also visits and collects nectar from flowers in search of sugars, which has made it a dominant pollinator.

Control methods for P. versicolor tested to date have not been effective in reducing wasp numbers in the long term. For this reason, researchers from the Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF), in collaboration with the Galapagos National Park Directorate (GNPD), are investigating baits that can be transported by wasps to their nests to kill developing larvae.

The Galapagos Verde 2050 program carries out ecological restoration of degraded areas of grain mines and abandoned garbage dumps, using native and endemic species on the Baltra, Floreana, Isabela, San Cristóbal, and Santa Cruz islands.

The Galapagos Verde 2050 program carries out ecological restoration using native and endemic key species for the ecosystem, on the island of Baltra, which has been heavily degraded by the presence of the US military base during World War II, introduced species and other human activities.

The Galapagos Verde 2050 program carries out ecological restoration of key species, particularly the species Opuntia echios var. echios on Plaza Sur Island using an island with similar environmental conditions and close to the restoration site, Plaza Norte Island, as a reference ecosystem.

The Galapagos Verde 2050 program carries out ecological restoration of native and endemic species that are key to the ecosystem of the island of Española. Among these key species is Opuntia megasperma var. orientalis, since among its ecosystem services is providing food and shade to other species that inhabit the island. Unfortunately, the population of O. megasperma has been radically reduced by the presence of invasive species and its very slow growth, which is why its restoration has been seen as crucial.

Twenty Galapagos bird species, including 12 species of Darwin’s finches, are under threat from a parasitic fly, Philornis downsi. This fly was accidentally introduced to Galapagos and is seriously affecting the survivorship of several Galapagos birds including the critically endangered Mangrove Finch. Flies are adept at locating bird nests to lay their eggs. Once larvae hatch they feed on the blood of hatchlings, sometimes causing all of the chicks in a nest to die.

In order to reduce the impact of Philornis downsi on birds, CDF and the Galapagos National Park Directorate are overseeing a multi-institutional collaborative effort (now up to 22 institutions from ten countries) that is investigating the biology and ecology of this little-known fly, while simultaneously conducting research to find effective and environmentally friendly control methods.

Galapagos tortoise migration plays a fundamental role to maintain healthy tortoise populations. Understanding the ecological, social, and sanitary implications of these movements allows us to reduce the threats the tortoises are facing and contributes to their conservation.

This program is a multi-institutional collaboration between the Charles Darwin Foundation, Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, Galapagos National Park Directorate, Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation Medicine, Houston Zoo, and Galapagos Conservation Trust. Drs. Stephen Blake and Sharon Deem lead the program with the support of a local team based in Galapagos and a large number of international collaborators and partners.

Marine invasive species can threaten biological diversity, human health and/or economic activity.

Globally, marine invasions have increased due to commerce, shipping and tourism. Invasions occur when species are transported from one region to another and become established in the new environment. These undesired guests compete for space and can displace and harm the populations of native species.

The Galapagos Islands are under threat from possible marine invasive species, given the connectivity that exists with the Eastern Tropical Pacific, the increase in tourism and associated marine traffic and the effect of extreme climatic events such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The CDF scientists, together with our collaborators, are developing risk assessments along with protocols for the prevention, early detection and management of marine invasive species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve.

The Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), flightless cormorant (Phalacrocorax harrisi) and Galapagos waved albatross (Phoebastria irrorata) are endemic to the Galapagos archipelago and Ecuador.

They can now be found on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species. The population status of these island species is being monitored on a yearly basis with our partners at the Galapagos National Park Directorate.

The Mangrove Finch (Camarhynchus heliobates) is one of the 17 species of Darwin's finches that only live in the Galapagos Islands. It is the rarest bird of the archipelago, with an estimated population of 100 individuals that inhabit only 30 hectares in two areas on Isabela Island.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List of Endangered Species classifies the Mangrove Finch as in Critical Danger. The main known threats are the introduced parasitic fly (Philornis downsi) and the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus).

The Galapagos Verde 2050 program contributes to the recovery of endemic species in danger of extinction such as Lecocarpus lecocarpoides on Española Island, Galvezia leucantha subsp. leucantha in the northwestern part of Isabela Island, Scalesia affinis and Scalesia retroflexa in Santa Cruz Island.

The Galapagos Islands are a key site for the conservation of the green turtle Chelonia mydas, as they are host to the second most important nesting colony in the region. It also provide numerous feeding sites for this specie throughout the archipelago.

Despite the protection provided by the "Marine Reserve" status, there are still some threats to the species in Galapagos, where interaction with fisheries and the impact of boats are the most problematic.

Like many Central and South American Countries, economic development in the Galapagos Archipelago is oriented towards ecotourism, and its potential continues to grow. In the last decade the number of visitors to the islands has increased dramatically, and in turn generating an increase in marine traffic as a product of tourism demand, and hence an increased interaction between boats and marine fauna.

The incidence of collisions between birds and cars in the road between Puerto Ayora and Canal de Itabaca seems rather high. The assessment of the frequency on which these events happen would enable us to illustrate areas with higher incidence, and to suggest mechanisms to mitigate this problem.

This project aims to offer evidence on what, where, when, these events occur, and to suggest alternatives to reduce it.

The Galapagos Verde 2050 program carries out ecological restoration of rural areas through the planting of endemic and native species (using tools for ecological restoration) together with species of agricultural interest in order to recover the space occupied by invasive species, attract pollinators and establish agroforestry systems.

Scalesia cordata is a tree endemic to southern Isabela. Before the arrival of humans, it formed widespread forests that harboured a great diversity of plants, birds and associated invertebrates. However, its range has been drastically reduced to only a few sparse populations due to land clearing for agriculture in the past and current replacement by invasive species. Together with the Galapagos National Park Directorate, we are taking several management actions to prevent the local extinction of the remaining populations of Scalesia cordata and to facilitate its recovery. These measures include collecting seeds, growing seedlings in the nursery, controlling invasive plant species negatively impacting Scalesia cordata trees, and working with farmers and the Isabela community to raise awareness about this species, unique to Isabela. Galapagos has seen few extinctions of plant species; we do not want Scalesia cordata to be one of them.

Seamounts are underwater mountains, often of volcanic origin, that rise above the surrounding seabed at least 100 m from the seabed but do not reach the surface. These underwater structures provide deep-sea hard substrate, allowing productive formation of deep-sea coral and sponge reef communities. Additionally, seamounts are considered highly productive, redirecting deep-sea currents rich in nutrients that attract a myriad of other marine organisms, such as fish and marine mammals.

Due to the volcanic history of the Galapagos Archipelago, hundreds of seamounts, ranging from > 3000 to 100 m in height, are known to be scattered on the seafloor in the reserve. Given that most seamounts lie outside the margins for safe SCUBA diving (< 40 m), and exploring deep-sea ecosystems is technologically and financially challenging, our understanding of seamounts and other deep-sea habitats remains very limited.

To close this critical knowledge gap CDF, in collaboration with the Galapagos National Park Directorate (GNPD), is leading a multi-institutional collaborative effort to characterize the biodiversity, ecology and physical environment of these mysterious deep-sea ecosystems.

In the Galapagos, sharks are of great importance to the local economy. The marine tourism industry, which heavily relies on shark sightings, provides employment to 37% of the local active workforce. It has been estimated that on average a live shark is worth USD$360,105 per year to the local economy.

Thanks to the protection the Marine Reserve gives to the marine ecosystem and all plant and animal species within its boundaries, the Galapagos are one of the few sites around the world where shark populations remain healthy, providing a unique opportunity for researchers to study their populations. At the Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF), we carry out various projects focusing on increasing our understanding of sharks and their relationship with their environment with the aim of providing a strong scientific basis for the development of effective management plans that will ensure their long-term protection.

Fishing is one of the most important activities in Galapagos. It can produce more than 2 million dollars per year. It is source of employment for more than 500 fishers and their families. In addition, fishing is essential for food security for the local people of the Archipelago. There are more than 50 species that can be fished in Galapagos; among the most important are: spiny lobsters, slipper lobster and fish.

CDF along with Galapagos National Park Directorate and other partners are carrying out interdisciplinary researches to achieve sustainable fisheries in Galapagos. These researches include, from the biology and ecology of species, line-based ecosystems, capture technologies, up to the governance, sociology of fishers and economy of fishing activity.

Fowler’s Snouted Treefrog (Scinax quinquefasciatus) is a relatively recent invader of the Galapagos Islands, having been introduced from mainland Ecuador, most likely during the wet El Niño season of 1997/1998.

Little is known about the biology and ecology of this frog in Galapagos. To close this knowledge gap and to gain information for potential management, CDF is carrying out a study of the diet, distribution, habitat use and potential dispersal of this species.

The CDF works on this project in collaboration with the Galapagos National Park Directorate and the Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral (ESPOL).

Subtidal Ecological Monitoring is a long-term programme that has been carried out for several decades establishing a baseline of the GMR. It was developed to provide the Galapagos National Park Directorate (GNPD) with a complete description of this community and to provide information on the dynamics and magnitude of the fluctuations of this biota through space and time, while incorporating natural and anthropogenic effects such as climate change.

The long-term scale of the Subtidal Ecological Monitoring program in Galapagos, has enabled the recognition of patterns and processes that are of fundamental importance in the coastal-marine ecosystems.

By looking at the subtidal ecological condition would illustrate the current threats and risks to which these ecosystems are most exposed to, and the mechanisms to mitigate/minimize them.

The Galapagos Verde 2050 program carries out ecological restoration of degraded areas in urban public spaces on three of the inhabited islands of the Archipelago: Floreana, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, and encourages organizations and individuals to plant native and endemic species in danger of extinction.

Vegetation maps provide an important tool to guide management actions for the restoration of terrestrial ecosystems in the Galápagos Islands by addressing questions, such as: What is the approximate area covered by an invasive plant species and how much effort would it take to control it? How are plant species compositions changing over time? Are there plant species compositions that promote or limit the habitat range of threatened animals?

We use drone and satellite imagery to generate very high resolution maps that show the distribution and abundance of invasive plant species, like blackberry (Rubus niveus), guava (Psidium guajava), Cuban cedar (Cedrela odorata) and quinine (Cinchona pubescens), and key endemic plant species, like Scalesia pedunculata or Miconia robinsoniana.